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	<title>OPA &#8211; Kapok Tree Diplomacy</title>
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		<title>Civil War and Crisis in Côte d’Ivoire –  An Analysis of the Steps Taken by the International Community to Prevent, Manage and Resolve the Conflict</title>
		<link>https://kapoktreediplomacy.com/hp_wordpress/civil-war-and-crisis-in-cote-divoire-an-analysis-of-the-steps-taken-by-the-international-community-to-prevent-manage-and-resolve-the-conflict/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[truepath]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2013 00:03:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[International Relations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paid Content]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Prevent/Contain Intl. Conflicts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[African Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amnesty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[arbitration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[arms embargo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[buffer zone]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Burkina Faso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ceasefire]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[civil war]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Compaoré]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conflict]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conflict resolution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Côte d’Ivoire]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DD&R]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[demobilization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[diamonds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[diplomatic stalemate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[disarm]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[FN]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Laurent Gbagbo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[national ID cards]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OPA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[post-conflict]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[power sharing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Prime Minister Guillaume Soro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rebels]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reunification]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sanctions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Ouagadougou Political Accord]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://kapoktreediplomacy.com/hp_wordpress/?p=281</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Background. Having traced the sources and causes of the conflict, this paper will analyze the steps taken by members of the international community to resolve, contain or prevent the conflict. The situation in Côte d’Ivoire has evolved significantly since the conflict broke out in September 2002. War fatigue has set in, and the conflict is now less about north versus south and more about who will ultimately control the means of power, security and wealth accumulation after the October 2010 elections. The historic March 2007 Ouagadougou Political Accord (OPA) wrested control of the peace process from the international community and put it squarely into the hands of Ivoirian President Laurent Gbagbo and Ivoirian Prime Minister Guillaume Soro, the former Forces Nouvelles (FN) rebel leader (Ayangafac, “Peace” 27).

Why did so many previously negotiated agreements with international support not get implemented? What is different about the OPA? What will each party gain or lose from reunification? This paper will examine the answers to these questions through the lens and actions of each key participant in various stages of the conflict to include: France, the United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), World Bank, Burkina Faso, Gbagbo, Soro, and other political parties and FN zone commanders.

This paper will explore the idea that as the political, economic and military status has gradually shifted on the ground, each actor has deftly altered their strategies accordingly, especially Gbagbo. The result of these collective actions was a ‘peaceful’ diplomatic stalemate and deterrence to reunification. The case will be made that although the OPA has positive potential, it mainly preserves Gbagbo and Soro’s political security without guaranteeing reunification and the prevention of future violence. 

The posts, views and opinions expressed on this site are completely my own and do not represent the views or opinions of the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of the Navy (DON) or any of the Armed Forces.]]></description>
		
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">281</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>PREVIEW &#8211; Civil War and Crisis in Côte d’Ivoire –  An Analysis of the Steps Taken By the International Community To Prevent, Manage and Resolve the Conflict</title>
		<link>https://kapoktreediplomacy.com/hp_wordpress/civil-war-and-crisis-in-cote-divoire-an-analysis-of-the-steps-taken-by-the-international-community-to-prevent-manage-and-resolve-the-conflict-free-preview/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[truepath]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2013 23:46:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Free Content]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Relations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Prevent/Contain Intl. Conflicts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[African Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Burkina Faso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[civil war]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conflict]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conflict resolution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Côte d’Ivoire]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ECOWAS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FN Zone Commanders]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Forces Nouvelles]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[France]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Front Populaire Ivoirian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Independent Electoral Commission]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International community]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ivory Coast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laurent Gbagbo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OPA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[power sharing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Prime Minister Guillaume Soro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Ouagadougou Political Accord]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United Nations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[UNOCI]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[World Bank]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://kapoktreediplomacy.com/hp_wordpress/?p=274</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Actions of the Main Actors

France.  After a failed military coup on September 19, 2002, France quickly moved 700 troops into Côte d’Ivoire under a 1961 pact obligating it to defend its former colony from any external invasion (Kohler 31). But France also had 16,000 citizens and 210 subsidiaries of French companies (Kohler 31), in addition to $3.5 billion Euros in direct investment in industries like oil, gas, banking, pharmaceuticals and telecommunications to protect (Busch 52). ]]></description>
		
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">274</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Civil War and Crisis in Côte d’Ivoire –  An Analysis of the Sources and Causes</title>
		<link>https://kapoktreediplomacy.com/hp_wordpress/civil-war-and-crisis-in-cote-divoire-an-analysis-of-the-sources-and-causes/</link>
					<comments>https://kapoktreediplomacy.com/hp_wordpress/civil-war-and-crisis-in-cote-divoire-an-analysis-of-the-sources-and-causes/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[truepath]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2013 02:41:32 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[International Relations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paid Content]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Prevent/Contain Intl. Conflicts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Blaise Compaoré]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Charles Taylor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[citizenship]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[civil war]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Concept of Ivoirité]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corruption]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Côte d’Ivoire]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[destabilization]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[economic discrimination]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://kapoktreediplomacy.com/hp_wordpress/?p=258</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[For over twenty years following its independence from France in 1960, Côte d’Ivoire was a rare example of remarkable economic growth and political and social stability in contrast to its poor and often violent and divisive neighbors in the region of West Africa. A complex mix of political, economic and social factors led to a successful military coup d’état in December 1999 and a civil war in November-December 2002 that brought the “Ivorian Miracle” crashing down.
 
This was followed by several years of “neither peace nor war” where corruption and discrimination were rampant, several peace accords failed, and numerous political groups jockeyed for power. A breakthrough occurred in March 2007 with the signing of the Ouagadougou Peace Accord (OPA) which is still not fully implemented to this day. This analysis will attempt to primarily answer why the coup and civil war happened, and secondarily, why it took so long to achieve the OPA. 
  
This paper will examine the underlying sources and causes of the coup d’état, the civil war and the protracted stalemate which followed. To understand not only how the conflict emerged but how it was perpetuated for so long, my paper will explore several political, economic, social and regional factors that do not appear to be mutually exclusive. Côte d’Ivoire is a genuine multi-layered conflict weaving together diverse issues like ethnicity, citizenship, land, immigration policy, natural resource governance and economic and political discrimination. As we peel back the onion on these interconnected issues, the roots of this conflict will emerge, and we’ll be able to discern exactly how the Ivoirian Miracle became the Ivoirian Nightmare.
 
The posts, views and opinions expressed on this site are completely my own and do not represent the views or opinions of the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of the Navy (DON) or any of the Armed Forces. ]]></description>
		
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