“International and Regional Mechanisms for Holding Human Rights Offenders Accountable” by Kapok Tree Diplomacy<\/p>\n
PREVIEW \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/em> [<\/span>Includes Table of Contents] Full essay is <\/span>2,825 words. 10 pages double-spaced. 12 references<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Section One \u2013 United Nations Charter-Based and Treaty-Based Bodies<\/b><\/p>\n Charter-Based Institutions<\/em>. These institutions include the UN General Assembly (GA), the UN Security Council (UNSC), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Human Rights Council (HRC), and other authorized bodies created by them such as the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) (Steiner, Alston & Goodman (SAG) 737). \u201cThe single most important contribution made by the Charter-based bodies \u2026 has been through the elaboration of an ever-growing body of standards designed to flesh out \u2026 the norms enunciated in the Universal Declaration\u201d (SAG 742). Each institution differs in its accountability processes.<\/p>\n Processes for Obtaining Justice<\/i><\/p>\n Fact-Finding<\/b><\/p>\n Fact-finding, is often subject to numerous obstacles such as government secrecy, availability of witnesses and lack of evidence that can negatively impact its credibility (SAG 749). Special rapporteurs may be appointed by UN bodies to conduct the mission, but even they may be intimidated and inhibited in their freedom of movement and inquiry (SAG 752).<\/p>\n 1503 and 1235 Procedures<\/b><\/p>\n The 1503 procedure investigates \u201csituations which appear to reveal a consistent pattern of gross and reliably attested violations\u201d that may come from \u201cany person or group who is a victim or has direct and reliable knowledge of violations\u201d (SAG 755). The procedure is slow and lightly used and has also been accused by Amnesty International of being a \u201cscreen of confidentiality\u201d that allows violations to continue. The 1235 procedure examines gross violations in a range of states and allows special rapporteurs to present detailed findings and recommendations to the HRC on an annual basis (SAG 760).\u00a0 Shaming can have an impact.<\/p>\n Table of Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n I.\u00a0 United Nations Charter-Based and Treaty-Based Bodies<\/p>\n A.\u00a0 Charter-Based Institutions<\/p>\n B.\u00a0 Processes for Obtaining Justice<\/p>\n 1.\u00a0 Fact Finding<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0 1503 and 1235 Procedures<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0 Special Procedures<\/p>\n C.\u00a0 UN Human Rights Council<\/p>\n D.\u00a0 UN Security Council<\/p>\n E.\u00a0 ICCPR Human Rights Committee<\/p>\n II.\u00a0 Regional Human Rights, Courts and Councils<\/p>\n A.\u00a0 European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)<\/p>\n B.\u00a0 Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR)<\/p>\n III.\u00a0 The Impact of Tradition and Culture<\/p>\n IV.\u00a0 Accountability for Human Rights Violations During Armed Conflict<\/p>\n V.\u00a0 Conclusion<\/p>\n United Nations charter-based and treaty-based bodies and regional human rights, commissions, courts and councils carry the responsibility for holding both states and individuals accountable for human rights violations. The efficacy of enforcement mechanisms, or lack thereof, and the reluctance of states to part with sovereignty often serve as obstacles to the realization of effective accountability. This essay will examine the different options for holding individuals and states accountable, the processes for obtaining justice, and the remedies, sanctions and enforcement mechanisms that may result. <\/p>\n The essay will explore the effectiveness, strengths and weaknesses of the processes and punishments of the UN Charter and treaty-based bodies and regional institutions. The essay will conclude that the determination of which institution is more effective depends on a variety of factors to include the nature of the violation, the type of entity being held accountable \u2013 state or individual, the political will of the states involved, the jurisdiction and enforcement options available, the sufficiency and maturity of the regional, legal infrastructure, regional perceptions of impartiality and legitimacy, and the financial and legal resources at the disposal of the judicial institution. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[772,5,229],"tags":[825,824,836,400,850,844,833,22,821,843,832,828,791,846,823,222,842,462,38,822,854,831,829,827,839,293,67,830,783,260,840,292,841,252,632,838,847,109,853,852,849,848,241,540,845,851,618,255,267,394,88,826,818,835,834,572,774,257,669,837],"class_list":["post-368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-human-rights-and-conflict","category-international-relations","category-paid-content","tag-1235-procedure","tag-1503-procedure","tag-alston","tag-amnesty","tag-armed-conflict","tag-cedaw","tag-charter-based","tag-china","tag-commission-on-the-status-of-women","tag-committee-on-the-elimination-of-discrimination-against-women","tag-culture","tag-echr","tag-european-court-of-human-rights","tag-extra-territorial-jurisdiction","tag-fact-finding","tag-female-genital-mutilation","tag-general-comments","tag-genocide","tag-human-rights","tag-human-rights-council","tag-hybrid-justice-mechanisms","tag-iachr","tag-iacthr","tag-iccpr-human-rights-committee","tag-ictr","tag-icty","tag-institutions","tag-inter-american-commission-on-human-rights","tag-inter-american-court-of-human-rights","tag-international-court-of-justice","tag-international-criminal-tribunal-for-rwanda","tag-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-former-yugoslavia","tag-international-humanitarian-law","tag-israel","tag-justice","tag-kofi-annan","tag-margin-of-appreciation","tag-norms","tag-nulla-poena-sine-lege","tag-nullum-crimen-sine-lege","tag-oas","tag-organization-of-american-states","tag-peace","tag-post-conflict-reconstruction-2","tag-privacy-rights","tag-regional-institutions","tag-rule-of-law","tag-russia","tag-rwanda","tag-sanctions","tag-sovereignty","tag-special-procedures","tag-special-rapporteurs","tag-steiner","tag-treaty-based","tag-truth-commissions","tag-un-general-assembly","tag-un-security-council","tag-victors-justice","tag-violations"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p31a0x-5W","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=368"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":844,"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/368\/revisions\/844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=368"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kapoktreediplomacy.com\/hp_wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}The posts, views and opinions expressed on this site are completely my own and do not represent the views or opinions of the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of the Navy (DON) or any of the Armed Forces.<\/i><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"